Handbuch der Edelsteinkunde fur Mineralogen, Steinschneider, und Juweliere
by K.E.Kluge
Brokhaus (Leipzig, Germany, 1860)
Karl Emil Kluge (1830-1864)
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| Kluge's Gemstone Classfications |
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| Photographs are actual size. |
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Gemstones of the First Rank
(Hardness in parentheses)
1.Diamond
(10)
2.Corundum (9)/Ruby,Sapphire
3.Chrysoberyl (8 1/2)
4.Spinel (8)
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Gemstones of the Second Rank
5.Zircon (6-7 1/2)
6.Beryl (7 1/2-8) / Emerald, Aquamarine
7.Topaz (8)
8.Tourmaline (7-7 1/2)
9.Garnet (6-7 1/2)
10.Opal (5-6 1/2)
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Gemstones of the Third Rank
11.Iolite (7-7 1/2)
12.Andalusite (7-7 1/2)
13.Turquoise (5-6)
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Gemstones of the Fourth Rank
14.Quartz (7) / Rock Crystal, Amethyst
15.Chalcedony (6 1/2-7)
16.Lapis Lazuli (5-6)
17.Amber(2-2 1/2)
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Gemstones of the Fifth Rank
18.Nephrite (6-6 1/2)
19.Malachite (3 1/2-4)
20.Rhodochrosite (4)
21.Hematite (5 1/2-6 1/2)
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